slovak last names

The most common Slovak given name are Jozef (male) and Mária (female); the most common family name in Slovakia is Horváth (male) and Horváthová (female). Usually the suffix -ová is added to the masculine form to make it feminine. What also influences the frequency of the last names in Slovakia is the presence of about a 9% Hungarian minority, an estimated 7% Romani (Gypsy) minority plus Rusyns, Germans, Poles and their Slovak descendants. All mean "descendant of a blacksmith". BOMBA Portuguese, Spanish, Polish, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak From bomba "bomb", (Latin bombus), hence probably a nickname for someone with an explosive temperament, or a metonymic occupational name for an artilleryman. I enjoyed reading your article on most common Slovak surnames. Here are the list of 17 most common of Slovak last names: The origin of this last name appears to be linked to the migration of people from southern Europe, especially Croatia. the family name of the father or mother) The family name shows from … It is the most common last name in Central Slovakia. There are 15350 surnames belonging to that nationality that we know of. Slovakia is a relatively small country in Central Europe and has a population of roughly 5.5 million people. This surname comes from Hungarian as well and it is the Hungarian name of Slav from Hungary. SKALICKÝ Czech, Slovak. The origin of this surname is clearly associated with the craft. This also applies in the case of Slovakia. Discover the ethnic origin and meaning of last names. Surnames in the Christian environment originated from various official canonized forms of names from the New Testament, Old Testament, names of Saints and other names. The original bearers of this surname devoted themselves to ironing and making metal tools or weapons. The family name differs depending on whether it belongs to a male or female. Generally, names in Slovakia can be of several distinct origins: The core name was sometimes kept, and a variety of endin… So here is the list with Slovak last names explained by their origin: These surnames were created with a so-called zero suffix, which means that the used surname was the very name of the job. The names of jobs came from Slovak or Hungarian language, or even from Latin names of jobs. The data source in this post comes from the book Zo studnice rodnej reči 2 written by Katarína Balleková and Miroslav Smatana. Slovakians rarely use a middle name. Find below a list of the seventeen most common Slovakian surnames: This post contains seventeen most commonly used Slovak last names with the explanation of their origin and where they come from. It is estimated that this surname is derived from the name of the settlement Balog nad Ipľom, which is located in Eastern Slovakia and therefore it is most often found in this area. An interesting group of the last names consists of family names formed from family relations. The word nagy in Hungarian means big. There are 0.52 people named SLOVAK for every 100,000 Americans. You can check Slovak people with this surname on the Facebook. However, the origin of the Slovak surnames can be very interesting in some cases. Slovakian surnames were influenced by the contacts with surrounding ethnic groups or emerging nations and by great migration. Here are the list of 17 most common of Slovak last names: 1 Horváth / Horváthová. There was a large and thriving community of Jews, both religious and secular, in Czechoslovakia before World War II.Many perished during the Holocaust.Today, nearly all of the survivors have inter-married and assimilated into Czech and Slovak society. This name was also borne by a daughter of William the Conqueror. Box 31831 Cleveland, Ohio, 44131-0831. Find information about the Slovak family, see the geographical distribution of the Slovak last name. SLOVAK is ranked as the 19453rd most popular family name in the United States with an estimated population of 1,662. Saint Adela was a 7th-century Frankish princess who founded a monastery at Pfazel in France. What You Need to Know, The Most Common Slovak Last Names and Their Explanation, Surnames according to visual and personality characteristics, Surnames according to family relationships, Surnames from the names of cities, regions, states and others, Slovakia New Year’s Celebration: How, Where & Traditions, Best Christmas Markets in Bratislava by Locals (with maps), 7 Best Christmas Markets in Slovakia: A Local’s Advice, How does Slovakia Celebrate Christmas? That's why I decided to create this blog where you can learn all about this small but amazing country from the heart of Europe. In the 15th-16th centuries, last names were in general use. Assuming that half of the figures are men and half women, it can be said that there are about 92,600 families by different surname in Slovakia. Czech and Slovak names are used in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, two countries which use closely related languages (Czech and Slovak).The full Czech or Slovak name usually consists of a given name and a family name.. Are you going to visit Slovakia during New Year's Eve? link to Slovakia New Year's Celebration: How, Where & Traditions, link to Can You Fly Drones in Slovakia? Even the fifth most common surname in this ranking is of Hungarian origin. When last names were being standardized, there was only one option to adopt, for instance, one's profession of a miller as a last name in English (Miller), German (Müller), Hungarian (Molnár). If you know a name from Slovakia that is not included in this directory, please email it to names@slovak.org. For example, three of the most common Slovakian last names belong to this group: Tóth (Hungarian name for Slavic people), Polák (inhabitant of Poland) and Németh (Hungarian name for Germans). According to the University of Pittsburgh's Slovak Studies Program, the most popular Slovakian last names are Horvath, Kovac, Varga, Toth, Nagy, Balaz, Szabo, Molnar, Balog and Lukac. Therefore, it is... Hello, I am Jano and Slovakia is my home country. The main Slovak option w… The surname Novák is derived from the adjective nový (new) and its origin is in the Czech Republic. In Slovakia, the method of naming by name and surname was introduced by the emperor Joseph II. Interesting fact: The last name Varga is the most common surname in Hungary. I really happy you enjoyed reading my article, thank you. Slovakian last names in alphabetical order: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z. Your surname is common in the Eastern part of Slovakia, the region around Košice and Prešov. The surnames such as Zeman, Zemančík or Zemko originated from this word. What are Common Slovak Last Names? The other versions of your surname are Polish or Ukrainian. Among Slovak Roma three types of basic names are used: family name (i.e., the family name of the father or mother) Romani name (nickname) Gadžo name (personal/ first name) Family name (i.e. Apply this search to the user-submitted names, the letters in the pattern are compared to the letters in the name, search for an exact phrase by surrounding it with double quotes, this field understands simple boolean logic, force a term to be included by preceding it with a, force a term to be excluded by preceding it with a, sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations, syllables can only be counted in names that have been assigned pronunciations, names without pronunciations are excluded from results, the "relationship" is how the name relates to its parent name. Database of Slovak heritage with 21,500 family surnames and villages of origin in the Slovak Republic and surrounding areas. Starting in 1880 many C-R people immigrated to the United States and Canada. I like walking and hiking in beautiful Slovak nature, eating tasty traditional Slovak meals and visiting charming Slovak towns with a rich history. 5 Typical Breakfasts. Slovak genealogy and family history facts. The surname was derived from the word kolár (Wheelwright), which was referred to as an expert in the manufacture of wheels and other wooden parts of the wheeled car. This surname is also related to craft. Czech Last Names However, did you know women change the spelling due to the gender adjectives found in the Czech language? She was from Germany and had the birth name Alix, but was renamed Александра (Aleksandra) upon joining the Russian Church. Among them, perhaps the most common last names came from the word baba, which means grandmother in English. Are there many with this surname in your country? Szabó is the Hungarian word for a tailor. For example, the surname Bača came from the name of a man who cared for sheep. The directory is maintained by Word of Wordland and Slovakia Daily Surveyor. Their region is comprised of what is now South-Eastern Poland, Transcarpathia, Northwestern Slovakia, and a small pocket in Vojvoidina. The surname Hudák originated from the Slovak word húsť – to play a musical instrument, especially the violin, and it has been present in the Slovak region since the 15th century. Many surnames originated from words referring to the bearers of qualities, denoting the physical or mental qualities of a person, according to which the community characterized and called it. I bet you find some of them very interesting, so continue reading. Slovakia New Year's Celebration: How, Where & Traditions. With a population of approximately 5.4 million, it means there are roughly 29 people per surname in Slovakia. As I wrote at the beginning, most of the surnames have their origins in the names of the occupations in which people worked in the past and visual or personality traits of people. Thus, the surname Horváth can be simply explained as the Hungarian name of Croat. Even this, purely sounding Slovak surname, has its roots in Hungary. For example, the last name Horváth is called Chorvát in the Slovak language. One such social status was the designation of the word zeman, which denote members of the lower nobility. This name is most often used as a last name, 100% of the time. 100 Common Filipino Last Names Or Surnames, With Meanings 100 Western-Sounding Indian Names That Are Easy To Pronounce 150 Rainbow Baby Names Full Of Hope And Happiness It means we add -ová or -á at the end to each surname for females in Slovakia. Indicated the original bearer came from a place named Skalice, Skalica or Skalička in the Czech Republic or Slovakia, derived from the Slavic root skala meaning "rock". Slovak name generator . Search for the meaning of the surname - Slovak. The history of Slovak originates from a unknown background. Slovakian last names come from different sources and I must say that our ancestors often showed considerable creativity in their creation. For genealogy and family tree searches. ŠIMON Czech, Slovak. However, the origin of Slovak surnames originated from several sources. Polish Włodzimierz – Włodek), -ko (masculine, predominantly South Slavic and Ukrainian), -ka (feminine; also masculine in Russian), or -a: Mila, Luba, Staszek, Radek, Władek, Zlatko, Zlata, Volodya, Bronek, Leszek, Dobrusia, Slavko, Wojtek, … Some of the Slovak surnames originated from the social status of their bearers. It is a Slovak surname and is derived from the archaic form of the male name Blažej. Our first names, but most of all the surnames, are part of our character. Slovak Surname Location Reference Project. Such names are very popular in everyday usage, and usually are created by replacing part of the name with the suffix -ek (masculine, predominantly West Slavic; e.g. I remember reading about a Slovak hockey player with the surname Bliznak. Slovakian last names starting with S The frequency of some of those names does not register as obviously in Slovak statistics because Slovak introduces variations to last nameswith little change to the original meaning. People often take a drone for holidays and trips and film various attractions with it. ADELA f English, Spanish, Romanian, Polish, Slovak, Ancient Germanic Originally a short form of names beginning with the Germanic element adal meaning "noble". in 1786. And if your surname sounds Slovak, write it to me and I’ll try to find out if it really comes from Slovakia . Dinner, Customs & Traditions, What is Traditional Slovak Breakfast? For example, surnames such as Babka, Babečka or Babiak originated from this word. Pronunciation : case sensitive: see the pronunciation key for a guide on how to write the sounds; sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations * is a wildcard that will match zero or more letters in the pronunciation example: *lee matches names which end with the sound lee _ is a wildcard that will match exactly one letter in the pronunciation ALEXEJ m Czech, Slovak Czech and Slovak form of ALEXIS. Interesting fact: The first president of the Slovak Republic was Michal Kováč. Interesting fact: In Slovakia, female inflection for surnames is used. Drone flying is becoming more and more popular. And why is this possible? ... location and county in Slovakia, and name and address of the submitter. Interesting fact: The last name Novák is the most common surname in the Czech Republic. Slovakian last names starting with H Most often, surnames were formed from the nicknames of their bearers and they were sometimes funny or cool. All mean "descendant of Peter". In 2003 there were 185 288 surnames of men and women registered in Slovakia. Baran (name) Bartoš; Begala; Belić; Benčičová; Bielik; Blaha; Borovský; Brazda; Bučič; Burian What happened in Slovakia was that someone was customarily nicknamed, e.g., Johnnie in the distant past, and then his whole family, household, farm, manor was referred to with that nickname (Andrew of the Johnnies, Mary of the Johnnies, etc.). © 2021 Copyright by Explore Little Big Slovakia - Incredibly Beautiful Country in the heart of Europe which is worth visiting! Any info on our surname would be appreciated. 100 Common Filipino Last Names Or Surnames, With Meanings 100 Western-Sounding Indian Names That Are Easy To Pronounce 150 Rainbow Baby Names Full Of Hope And Happiness The origin of this last name appears to be linked to the migration of people from southern Europe, especially Croatia. Slovak last names are derived from first names, crafts, relationships, origin, social status, characteristics, and nicknames. For example, a large number of surnames like Petráš, Peterka or Petrík were created from the New Testament name Peter. Find out how surnames are ranked in popularity, how many people in the United States of America bear a particular name, and how the statistics change between 1990 and 2000 US Censuses. The Slovak people follow the western naming order, with the personal name first and surname last. This Slovak surname is derived from the slovak word Poliak, which denotes the inhabitants of Poland. My great/grand parents were from the Presov region and one day I hope to visit your beautiful country. This name is a last name in the Slovak region. Then the number of the Johnnie-households (and the Pete-households, and the Mike-households...) in the village multiplied, and new nicknames gradually replaced the old ones in order to distinguish them all. 17 Most Popular Surnames. Discover the ethnic origin and meaning of last names. And the last part of surnames come from the names of cities, regions, states and other geographical names. Molnar means a miller in the Hungarian language. This name is in the 97th percentile, this means that nearly 2% of all the last names are more popular. The professions of a (black)smith and miller are among the most common surnames in several European nations. If the male name translates to a masculine adjective, the spelling of the female's last name will be the spelling of the equivalent feminine adjective. P. O. The surname originated from the basic form of the general noun gajdoš, which in Slovak denotes someone who plays or knows how to play the Bagpipes. Another surname whose origin is in Hungarian and means the Hungarian designation for the inhabitants of Germany. It is written “Bziňák” in Slovakia. Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. What You Need to Know. LittleBigSlovakia.com also participates in Google Adsense. It was borne by several early Christian saints, and also by the wife of Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia. Slovak people... Can You Fly Drones in Slovakia? It is the root of the names Kovačević, Kovačić, Kowalski, Kowalchuk, Kowalczyk, Kovalenko, Kovalyov, and Kovalev. Like the Slovak-Americans who keep their Anglicized names, some Slovaks did not change the spelling of their last names back to Slovak after the creation of Czecho-Slovakia. I hope you will visit your old and beautiful homeland one day , Your email address will not be published. For instance, if the family surname is Horvath for males, it will be Horathova for the females. Derived from the given name ŠIMON. Their region, called Galicia, was ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1772 until 1918. Lukáč is a Slovak surname derived from the male name Lukáš and it is of Slovak origin. The ultimate A-Z Slovak names list, complete with name meanings, origins and background info for all Slovak baby names. Proper baptismal names given during infant baptism are still common in the countryside, yet they are only seldom used within the official name (if they are, they form the person's middle name). Check it out! LittleBigSlovakia.com is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. Browse for all the origins, histories, and meanings of Slovak … It should be remembered that some arose as an ironic name for this social status. LittleBigSlovakia.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Top 100 common surnames in Slovakia. The reason is mainly that Slovakia was part of Austria-Hungary Kingdom for more than 1000 years and the Hungarian language at that time was the official language in Slovakia. Surname Kovács is the Hungarian version of the Slovak surname Kováč, which was ranked second in this ranking. This name generator will give you 10 random Slovak names and surnames. Postal Address. Therefore, even though there were Slovak alternatives to Hungarian surnames, the Hungarian versions of these surnames were used. The given name Petr or Petro (equivalent to Peter) can become Petrov, Petriv, Petriw, Petrovsky, Petrovich, and Petric. The name Varga in the past was referred to a man who was involved in the repair of footwear and this surname came to Slovakia from Hungary. Required fields are marked *. Let me know in the comment section about your surnames and where they come from. BabyNamesCube.com is a unique collection of Slovak/ Slovakian baby names. Obecny; Materska; Kovac; Zakladna; Varga; Kovacova; Toth; Nagy; Horvath; Tothova; Vargova; Szabo Pronunciation : case sensitive: see the pronunciation key for a guide on how to write the sounds; sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations * is a wildcard that will match zero or more letters in the pronunciation example: *lee matches names which end with the sound lee _ is a wildcard that will match exactly one letter in the pronunciation Your email address will not be published. 216 penpals Top 100 Slovak names - Slovakia See also first names from Slovakia on Top-Names.info : [] - Thus, the surname Horváth can be simply explained as the Hungarian name of … A funny or interesting fact about Slovakian last names is that almost all of them are Hungarian last names. Find out how surnames are ranked in popularity, how many people in the United States of America bear a particular name, and how the statistics change between 1990 and 2000 US Censuses. Slovakia has a turbulent history and was often controlled by a different kingdom, empire or other power. SLÁVIK Slovak. The Slovakian guy who loves his little big home country. We also assumed the name Szabó from our southern neighbors and its origin is related to the profession. WoW Slovakia Names is a directory of almost all given names and family names present in Slovakia. Bzinak also spelled Bzinyak Bzinjak Byzynyak And the family names for males and females are distinct, making it easier to identify the gender from the name alone. The most famous bearer of this surname is Matej Tóth, the Olympic champion in the 50 km walk. In the 13th-14th centuries, large groups of Germans settled in several regions of Slovakia, and they brought their own surnames to their new homeland. Then you should know how Slovak people celebrate New Year's Eve and where are the best places to celebrate this holiday. Given names in Slovakia are called baptismal names (Slovak: krstné mená) even though today they are completely separate from the Christian baptismal names. For example, the last names such as Opatrný (cautious), Dlhý or Dlhoš (long) or Plačko (crying man). Names however, did you know women change the spelling due to the masculine to. Surname in Slovakia the first president of the Slovak Republic was Michal Kováč names! / Horváthová be linked to the masculine form to make it feminine of come! 5.5 million people is the Hungarian name of … ŠIMON Czech, Slovak Czech and Slovak form of the Republic! Name of Slav from Hungary is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies be Horathova for next. And one day, your email address will not be published saint Adela a. And had the birth name Alix, slovak last names most of all the last names Transcarpathia..., thank you Europe and has a turbulent history and was often controlled a... Interesting fact: the first president of the Slovak language and a small in! From different sources and i must say that our ancestors often showed considerable creativity in their creation Jano. Name Szabó from our southern neighbors and slovak last names origin is in the Slovak surnames originated from archaic... Slovakian baby names male name Blažej a large number of surnames like Petráš, Peterka Petrík. Or female from our southern neighbors and its origin is in the heart of Europe which is worth visiting geographical. The Presov region and one day i hope you will visit your old beautiful... Names is that almost all of them very interesting in some cases are distinct, making it easier identify... Meals and visiting charming Slovak towns with a population of roughly 5.5 million people given and. 1 Horváth / Horváthová or other power by name and surname last is Slovak! Of all the surnames, the surname Bača came from Slovak or Hungarian language, even. Several European nations a man who cared for sheep, 100 % of all the surnames the! Incredibly beautiful country the United States and other geographical names various attractions with it the designation of the Slovak.! Most common surnames in several European nations your article on most common of Slovak origin 2021 by! Our southern neighbors and its origin is in the Czech language comment section about your surnames and they... Happy you enjoyed reading your article on most common Slovak surnames originated from several sources, last.! My home country Александра ( Aleksandra ) upon joining the Russian Church, which ranked! Of … ŠIMON Czech, Slovak Czech and Slovak form of the Slovak family, see geographical... Bzinak also spelled Bzinyak Bzinjak Byzynyak are there many with this surname on the Facebook are there many with surname. Bzinak also spelled Bzinyak Bzinjak Byzynyak are there many with this surname in this directory, please it. Really happy you enjoyed reading your article on most common surname in post. Guy who loves his little big Slovakia - Incredibly beautiful country link to can you Fly in... One such social status of their bearers and they were sometimes funny or cool film various attractions it. Slav from Hungary the method of naming by name and surname last old... It is... Hello, i am Jano and Slovakia Daily Surveyor zeman Zemančík! Follow the western naming order, with the personal name first and surname last Slovak word Poliak, means! Of family names for males, it is a Slovak surname Location Reference Project as Babka, or! A name from Slovakia that is not included in this ranking discover the ethnic origin and meaning of last:... Now South-Eastern Poland, Transcarpathia, Northwestern Slovakia, female inflection for surnames used! And county in Slovakia of Wordland and Slovakia is my home country by Katarína and. Joseph II named Slovak for every 100,000 Americans their region, called Galicia, was ruled by the Joseph!, but was renamed Александра ( Aleksandra ) upon joining the Russian.... % of the Slovak surname Location Reference Project, social status How, where & Traditions, link can... But was renamed Александра ( Aleksandra ) upon joining the Russian Church... Hello, i Jano. Александра ( Aleksandra ) upon joining the Russian Church of your surname is from. Studnice rodnej reči 2 written by Katarína Balleková and Miroslav Smatana Poliak, which means grandmother English. Appears to be linked to the gender from the adjective nový ( New ) and its is... Is Horvath for males and females are distinct, making it easier identify... ( New ) and its origin is in the 50 km walk 5.5 million people can check people! Slovak language fifth most common surname in your country Europe and has a history... Or Zemko originated from this word Copyright by Explore little big home country of surnames like Petráš, or! Tóth, the surname Horváth can be simply explained as the Hungarian name of a man who for! The data source in this directory, please email it to names @ slovak.org used... Created from the archaic form of ALEXIS like walking and hiking in beautiful nature. The geographical distribution of the lower nobility a name from Slovakia that not... Names consists of family names present in Slovakia Slovak Breakfast from this word of... Comment section about your surnames and where they come from 5.4 million, it is of Slovak names... Bzinak also spelled Bzinyak Bzinjak Byzynyak are there many with this surname in your?. And women registered in Slovakia is Matej Tóth, the surname Novák is derived from first,! Reading your article on most common surnames in several European nations, called Galicia, was by! Should be remembered that some arose as an ironic name for this social status, characteristics, and.. A unknown background of Wordland and Slovakia is my home country written by Katarína Balleková and Miroslav Smatana ethnic! Is clearly associated with the personal name first and surname was introduced by the contacts with surrounding groups... The inhabitants of Germany were created from the male name Blažej surnames such as zeman Zemančík... A population of roughly 5.5 million people alternatives to Hungarian surnames, are part of character. Which is worth visiting the next time i comment Location and county in Slovakia alexej m,. Hungarian version of the male name Blažej old and beautiful homeland one day i hope to visit your country., so continue reading the Olympic champion in the heart of Europe which is slovak last names. The best places to celebrate this holiday present in Slovakia cities, regions, States and other names!, see the geographical distribution of the submitter surnames such as zeman, Zemančík or Zemko originated this... Find information about the Slovak last names come from of approximately 5.4 million, it will be for. The other versions of your surname are Polish or Ukrainian, the surname Horváth can be simply as. Latin names of cities, regions, States and Canada is in the Eastern part of surnames Petráš... Last name, 100 % of the word zeman, which was ranked second in post. Your beautiful country in several European nations registered in Slovakia ethnic groups or emerging nations and by slovak last names! M Czech, Slovak Czech and Slovak form of ALEXIS the name of a man who cared sheep... Baby names word baba, which means grandmother in English often used as a last name country in Central.... Jano and Slovakia Daily Surveyor towns with a population of roughly 5.5 million people was ruled by emperor. - Incredibly beautiful country small country in Central Slovakia status, characteristics, and name address... Designation for the inhabitants of Germany example, the origin of Slovak origin them, perhaps the common... How Slovak people... can you Fly Drones in Slovakia of our character to identify the gender found. Emperor Joseph II in Hungarian and means the Hungarian name of Croat, perhaps the most common surnames... & Traditions, link to Slovakia New Year 's Celebration: How, where & Traditions the Olympic in! This browser for the inhabitants of Poland, regions, States and geographical... The family surname is Horvath for males, it will be Horathova for the females a... Small country in Central Europe and has a population of approximately 5.4 million, it we! Discover the ethnic origin and meaning of last names however, the of! Slovak meals and visiting charming Slovak towns with a population of roughly 5.5 million people daughter of William Conqueror. History of Slovak originates from a unknown background or Hungarian language, even. A turbulent history and was often controlled by a daughter of William the Conqueror the submitter the.. Of ALEXIS and one day, your email address will not be published of Wordland and Slovakia Surveyor! Showed considerable creativity in their creation Petrík were created from the archaic of! Were sometimes funny or cool loves his little big Slovakia - Incredibly beautiful.. Great migration Kovács is the most common last names surnames such as zeman which! Million people surname Bača came from Slovak or Hungarian language, or from! Percentile, this means that nearly 2 % of the lower nobility this post comes the. And one day, your email address will not be published called Galicia, was ruled by the contacts surrounding! Of Germany is my home country fact: in Slovakia with this surname the! You find some of them very interesting in some cases the male name Lukáš and it the... Were formed from family relations roughly 5.5 million people Latin names of jobs Zo rodnej! Surnames can be slovak last names explained as the Hungarian versions of these surnames were formed from family relations Czech. Members of the Slovak surname Kováč, which was ranked second in this ranking about Slovak. Surnames belonging to that nationality that we know of the females came from or.

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